INTRODUCTION:

Water is an essential component for human life and industrial development. For many rural and small-scale communities, groundwater is the only source of drinking water. Groundwater quality is very essential in a sense of practical utility for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Hence, present utility and future development programs are depending on the physical, chemical and bacterial character of the water. The quality of groundwater varies due to a change in chemical composition of the underlying sediments and aquifer. However, in the recent past groundwater quality is getting deteriorated due to various reasons and making it unsuitable for drinking purposes threatening the human health. Therefore, the groundwater quality assessment for drinking has become a necessary and important task for the present and future groundwater quality management.

Several studies have been conducted on the assessment of groundwater quality^1-10 using water quality index and comparison methods. Several researchers conducted studies to assess the quality of surface water^11-12 using CCME- WQI method. The groundwater quality assessment was done in Cauvery deltaic region, Tamilnadu, for drinking¹³ and in Kadava River basin, Maharashtra for drinking and irrigation^14-15 using the same method. According to the literature, the studies related to assessment of groundwater quality using CCME and TM Water Quality Index methods in Vizianagaram district was not yet conducted. Therefore, CCME and TM Water Quality Index methods are used for assessment of groundwater quality in the study area for drinking.

Study area:

The study area considered for this work is Garividi and surrounding mandals occupied by some central part of Vizianagaram district. It lies between18⁰-10’ and 19⁰-01’ of the northern latitudes and 83⁰-11’ and 83⁰-51’of the eastern longitudes (FIG.1) and occupies an area of around 890 sq.km and comprises of 228 villages.

Figure 1: Location map of the study area

Table 1: Coordinates of Sampling Locations in the Study area

S No	Sample Id	Sampling Station	Mandal	Latitude	Longitude
1	CS1	Alajangi	Cheepurupalli	18⁰18'00”	83⁰36'35"
2	CS2	Devarapodilam	Cheepurupalli	18⁰18'46"	83⁰39'39"
3	CS3	Karlam	Cheepurupalli	18⁰17'24"	83⁰38'43"
4	CS4	Nimmavalasa	Cheepurupalli	18⁰17'33"	83⁰38'42"
5	CS5	Parla	Cheepurupalli	18⁰14'54"	83⁰34'57"
6	CS6	Peripi	Cheepurupalli	18⁰15'56"	83⁰36'47"
7	CS7	Ramalingpuram	Cheepurupalli	18⁰18'44"	83⁰36'26"
8	CS8	Chinakada	Dattirajeru	18⁰11'43"	83⁰14'20"
9	CS9	Datti	Dattirajeru	18⁰14'26"	83⁰14'00"
10	CS10	Dattirajeru	Dattirajeru	18⁰13'40"	83⁰14'11"
11	CS11	Ingilapalli	Dattirajeru	18⁰13'37"	83⁰11'30"
12	CS12	K. Kothavalasa	Dattirajeru	18⁰15'28"	83⁰12'28"
13	CS13	Pedamanapuram	Dattirajeru	18⁰12'55"	83⁰12'08"
14	CS14	Shikaruganji	Dattirajeru	18⁰15'35"	83⁰14'11"
15	CS15	Gajapathinagaram	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰16'44"	83⁰20'20"
16	CS16	Konisa	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰17'29"	83⁰17'41"
17	CS17	Marupalli	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰19'04"	83⁰20'31"
18	CS18	Mutcherla	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰17'28"	83⁰24'49"
19	CS19	Ramannapeta	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰18'50"	83⁰24'03"
20	CS20	Seetharampuram	Gajapathinagaram	18⁰15'39"	83⁰23'19"
21	CS21	Devada	Garividi	18⁰15'20"	83⁰33'33"
22	CS22	Yenuguvalasa	Garividi	18⁰19'16"	83⁰33'06"
23	CS23	Garividi	Garividi	18⁰16'49"	83⁰31'57"
24	CS24	Neeladripuram	Garividi	18⁰20'14"	83⁰31'09"
25	CS25	Seripeta	Garividi	18⁰15'32"	83⁰31'13"
26	CS26	Anandapuram	Gurla	18⁰14'20"	83⁰25'44"
27	CS27	Garikivalasa	Gurla	18⁰15'07"	83⁰26'01"
28	CS28	Gujjangivalasa	Gurla	18⁰14'16"	83⁰29'00"
29	CS29	Kondagandredu	Gurla	18⁰17'04"	83⁰27'05"
30	CS30	Nagallavalasa	Gurla	18⁰13'54"	83⁰32'16"
31	CS31	Pedabantupalli	Gurla	18⁰19'10"	83⁰29'43"
32	CS32	Penubarthi	Gurla	18⁰16'33"	83⁰29'47"
33	CS33	Vallapuram	Gurla	18⁰11'59"	83⁰31'00"
34	CS34	Billalavalasa	Merakamudidam	18⁰21'58"	83⁰30'03"
35	CS35	Garugubilli	Merakamudidam	18⁰23'19"	83⁰33'20"
36	CS36	Ippalavalasa	Merakamudidam	18⁰20'27"	83⁰29'50"
37	CS37	Uttaravalli	Merakamudidam	18⁰27'42"	83⁰28'38"
38	CS38	Yadika	Merakamudidam	18⁰22'10"	83⁰33'40"

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total number of 456 groundwater samples i.e.152 samples each in post-monsoon (POM), pre-monsoon (PRM) & monsoon (MON)) were collected from different selected sampling locations (vide TABLE 1) of the study area from November 2018 to October 2019. Samples were collected in polythene bottles, pre-cleaned by washing with non-ionic detergents, rinsed with water, 1:1 hydrochloric acid and finally with de-ionized water. Before sampling, the bottles were rinsed three times with sample water. Tube wells are operated at least five minutes before collection of the water samples. The analysis was done using standard methods and techniques¹⁶. pH and EC are measured using digital pH meter (Elico LI-120) and conductometer (Elico CL-351) respectively. TDS is determined by gravimetric method whereas parameters like Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Carbonates and Bicarbonates are determined by titrimetric method. Nitrate (NO₃^-) ion is determined using UV-visible spectrophotometer (Elico SL-177) with 1cm quartz cell, using Phenol Disulphonic Acid (PDA) method whereas Fluoride (F^- ion) is determined by SPADNS method and other parameters such as Sulphate is determined by turbidimetry using standard barium chloride solution. Sodium ion is measured by flame photometry (Elico CL-361).

a. CCME Water quality Index method:

Canadian water quality index is the water quality index developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and used among the researchers in developing countries for simplifying the reporting of water quality data and delivers a broad overview of water quality data¹⁷. This method requires Water Quality Objectives (WQOs) and this essentially consists of two steps. Step I: Calculation of three measures of variance from WQOs (scope F₁, frequency F₂ and amplitude F₃). Step II: Deduct from 100 the value of square root of sum of squares of F₁, F₂ an F₃ divided by 1.732 to produce a value between 0 and 100 that represent the overall water quality. Scope F₁ represents the number of variables not meeting water quality objectives; frequency F₂ considers the number of times these objectives are not met; and amplitude F₃ is the measure of the amount by which the objectives are not met. Based on CCME-WQI values, quality of water is classified into five categories ¹⁷, as shown in the Table 2.

Table 2: Classification of water quality based on CCME-WQI values

WQI range	Ranking of water quality	Abbreviation used in Table 4 for ranking of water quality	Remarks
95-100	Excellent	EXC	Water quality is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment; conditions very close to natural or pristine levels.
80-94	Good	GOOD	Water quality is protected with only a minor degree of threat or impairment; conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels.
65-79	Fair	FAIR	Water quality is usually protected but occasionally threatened or impaired; conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels.
45-64	Marginal	MAR	Water quality is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels.
0-44	Poor	POOR	Water quality is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels.

b. Tiwari and Mishra Water Quality Index method:

The WQI calculated by the method described by Tiwari and Mishra¹⁸ is similar to the basic method of Horton¹⁹. Except in this method, the logarithm and antilogarithm is used, and it is only for mathematical purposes, indeed the logarithm reduces the magnitude of the chemical variables and the antilogarithm is used after, to broaden and make visible the classification scale. The WQI is calculated using two steps. Step I: Measurement of Unit weight (W_i) and Quality rating (Q_i). Step II: Product of W_iand Log Q_i and antilog of sum of products for i variables to give a value between 0 and 100 that represent the overall water quality. Based on TM-WQI values, quality status of water is classified as shown in the Table 3.

Table 3: Classification of water quality based on TM-WQI values

WQI range	Status of water quality	Abbreviation used in Table 4 for Status of water quality
0-25	Excellent	EXC
26-50	Good	GOOD
51-75	Medium	MED
76-100	Poor	POOR
Above 100	Unsuitable	UNS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

The test results of varied parameters are showing some fluctuations based on chemical analysis. The physical-chemical parameters of groundwater samples, CCME and TM water quality index values of POM, PRM & MON are shown in the TABLE 4, 5 and 6 respectively. From the analysis, it is observed that the EC and TDS values showed increasing trend from PRM to POM. HCO₃and SO₄are found to be higher during POM. Sodium, Chlorides and Fluorides are higher in PRM.

Correlation matrix:

The degree of a linear association between water quality parameters and Water Quality Indices has been measured by the simple correlation coefficient (r) ^20-21. Correlation analysis measures the closeness of the relationship between chosen variables; if the correlation coefficient is nearer to +1 or -1, the linear relationship between the two variables is perfected. The Correlation matrices for 16 variables including CCME and TM water quality indices were prepared for two seasons i.e., Post monsoon (POM) and Pre monsoon (PRM) and shown in the Table 7. The results of correlation matrices showed the significant relation in the study area. A strong positive correlation between EC-TDS (r=0.999) and Cl-Na (r=0.999) was observed in both seasons. pH exhibited a negative correlation with the most of the variables in all seasons. The calculated TM-WQI showed the significant interrelation between its values and F (r=0.98), TDS and EC (r=0.428), TA(r=0.486), HCO₃(r=0.497), SO₄ (r=0.479), Mg (r=0.436) in POM. The calculated TM-WQI showed the significant interrelation between its values and F (r=0.975), TDS (r=0.420), EC (r=0.419), TA& HCO₃ (r=0.499), SO₄ (r=0.475), Mg (r=0.421) in PRM. The correlation analysis of CCME-WQI showed the negative correlation with all parameters except with pH in all seasons.

Table 4: Analysis of Groundwater samples: Physical and Chemical parameters and calculated values of WQI in post monsoon

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS1	MS2	MS3	MS4	MS5	MS6	MS7	MS8	MS9	MS10	MS11	MS12	MS13
pH	7.33	7.73	7.79	7.61	7.71	7.35	7.38	7.33	7.35	7.90	7.65	7.50	7.31
EC	1737.3	1636.5	2064.8	1708.5	1590.3	1804.5	1413.3	3107.3	1754.0	2149.0	2930.3	1943.0	5194.8
TDS	1134.0	1066.8	1341.0	1113.0	1037.3	1174.3	924.0	2005.0	1142.0	1395.0	1895.0	1263.0	3345.0
NO3	28.00	38.00	38.00	32.08	28.60	26.00	30.00	17.00	19.00	8.00	26.00	36.00	27.00
TH	420.00	320.00	610.00	320.00	400.00	370.00	335.00	725.00	505.00	250.00	445.00	420.00	995.00
Ca	175.00	29.75	217.00	96.00	64.00	66.00	29.00	164.00	79.00	36.00	91.00	96.00	77.00
Mg	79.00	85.00	95.00	16.00	58.00	48.00	85.00	77.00	75.00	38.00	53.00	44.00	193.00
Na	190.25	218.75	199.50	147.25	73.50	72.00	66.25	230.75	147.25	128.00	181.00	55.25	422.50
Cl	292.50	337.50	307.50	227.25	112.75	111.00	102.00	356.00	227.00	197.00	279.00	85.00	647.25
SO4	44.00	72.00	13.00	18.00	23.35	21.00	72.00	38.00	46.00	60.00	30.00	34.00	128.00
CO3	175.00	12.00	215.00	12.00	33.00	22.00	9.00	132.00	39.00	7.00	19.00	19.00	108.00
HCO3	395.00	345.00	540.00	280.00	340.00	330.00	355.00	440.00	400.00	200.00	395.00	395.00	620.00
F	0.31	0.90	0.52	0.32	0.62	0.42	0.62	0.68	1.01	0.96	1.12	1.23	0.68
TA	415.00	365.00	560.00	300.00	360.00	350.00	375.00	460.00	420.00	220.00	415.00	415.00	640.00
CCMEWQI	64.36	69.40	43.04	81.00	75.37	80.42	81.28	52.49	69.73	80.34	71.82	74.38	38.37
QUALITY	FAIR	FAIR	POOR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	POOR
TMWQI	29.63	69.73	50.18	29.35	52.38	34.82	46.87	54.76	72.23	70.57	82.70	86.05	55.30
QUALITY	GOOD	MED	MED	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	MED	MED	POOR	POOR	MED
Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS14	MS15	MS16	MS17	MS18	MS19	MS20	MS21	MS22	MS23	MS24	MS25	MS26
pH	7.53	7.33	7.35	7.08	7.38	7.35	7.40	7.55	7.34	7.65	7.58	7.34	7.45
EC	2198.8	2770.8	3179.0	1980.3	1469.8	1990.8	1147.8	1719.8	1679.5	1190.5	947.8	1477.0	2094.8
TDS	1426.3	1792.8	2054.0	1287.0	960.0	1293.8	754.0	1120.0	1094.5	781.5	626.0	965.0	1360.0
NO3	17.00	58.00	53.00	43.50	25.50	45.00	17.50	21.00	19.40	10.00	21.50	24.55	18.00
TH	405.00	580.00	920.00	490.00	455.00	565.00	310.00	500.00	400.00	390.00	215.00	400.00	605.00
Ca	49.00	372.00	262.00	108.00	129.00	145.00	59.00	63.00	64.00	53.00	39.00	32.00	57.00
Mg	69.00	199.00	62.00	54.00	33.00	50.00	38.00	83.00	58.00	90.00	27.00	78.00	91.00
Na	148.75	440.00	289.50	288.50	99.00	245.00	77.00	144.25	110.25	95.75	61.75	73.50	198.00
Cl	229.50	678.75	446.00	445.00	152.50	377.50	118.50	222.50	170.00	147.50	95.00	112.75	305.00
SO4	16.00	170.00	56.00	48.00	29.00	57.00	14.00	21.00	52.03	74.00	14.00	14.00	59.00
CO3	11.00	504.00	98.00	7.00	32.00	52.00	15.00	26.00	12.00	33.00	11.00	10.00	9.00
HCO3	395.00	583.75	688.75	408.75	395.00	405.00	285.00	445.00	340.00	385.00	195.00	415.00	485.00
F	1.29	1.45	1.00	0.68	1.42	0.64	0.86	0.66	0.64	0.80	0.28	0.64	0.65
TA	415.00	603.75	708.75	428.75	415.00	425.00	307.50	465.00	360.00	322.25	215.00	435.00	505.00
CCMEWQI	73.70	20.50	35.77	67.64	69.64	56.54	82.13	76.53	80.70	76.82	88.33	80.75	64.42
QUALITY	FAIR	POOR	POOR	FAIR	FAIR	MAR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR
TMWQI	87.56	109.76	76.59	42.76	94.73	51.75	49.50	52.99	47.90	62.81	25.55	47.38	50.03
QUALITY	POOR	UNS	POOR	GOOD	POOR	MED	GOOD	MED	GOOD	MED	EXC	GOOD	MED

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS27	MS28	MS29	MS30	MS31	MS32	MS33	MS34	MS35	MS36	MS37	MS38	Permissible values (Si)
pH	7.41	7.52	7.47	7.36	7.48	7.46	7.69	7.39	7.75	7.35	7.46	7.90	8.5
EC	1651.0	1235.3	1741.3	1286.5	1215.0	1844.5	1138.3	1446.0	1908.8	645.0	1757.0	1839.8	1000
TDS	1077.0	810.0	1134.0	842.8	797.0	1200.0	748.0	944.8	1241.0	432.3	1144.0	1197.0	600
NO3	17.80	13.00	37.00	17.95	22.03	33.00	38.70	5.00	15	12.75	25.00	23.28	50
TH	440.00	305.00	555.00	320.00	280.00	490.00	200.00	420.00	530	150.00	450.00	480.00	500
Ca	64.00	123.00	122.00	80.00	64.00	34.00	48.00	145.00	50	39.00	66.00	64.00	200
Mg	68.00	7.00	57.50	29.00	29.00	96.00	19.00	67.00	96	14.00	67.00	78.00	150
Na	73.25	162.50	112.25	73.50	73.50	72.50	110.50	136.50	73	55.25	71.75	73.25	200
Cl	112.75	250.00	173.25	113.00	113.25	111.50	170.00	210.00	112.5	85.00	110.00	112.75	250
SO4	19.03	31.00	38.00	21.00	17.00	35.00	19.00	8.00	22	7.00	21.00	17.55	250
CO3	23.00	11.00	62.00	31.00	29.00	34.00	8.00	148.00	62	26.00	30.00	45.00	30
HCO3	415.00	290.00	415.00	260.00	226.25	415.00	176.25	375.00	425	116.25	392.50	418.75	500
F	0.45	0.32	0.35	0.60	0.60	0.85	0.35	0.31	0.64	0.04	0.50	0.72	1.2
TA	435.00	310.00	435.00	280.00	246.25	435.00	196.25	395.00	445	136.25	412.50	438.75	200
CCMEWQI	80.28	78.31	68.16	76.98	82.24	74.37	84.45	71.03	67.81	100.00	76.75	73.94
QUALITY	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	EXC	FAIR	FAIR
TMWQI	37.37	28.17	32.78	46.09	47.94	64.65	31.35	28.68	54.72	5.11	41.82	61.17
QUALITY	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	EXC	GOOD	MED

Table 5: Analysis of Groundwater samples: Physical and Chemical parameters and calculated values of WQI in pre monsoon

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS1	MS2	MS3	MS4	MS5	MS6	MS7	MS8	MS9	MS10	MS11	MS12	MS13
pH	7.13	7.58	7.50	7.45	7.51	7.25	7.14	7.13	7.18	7.70	7.40	7.35	7.15
EC	1682.0	1609.0	2033.3	1672.5	1563.0	1777.5	1387.8	3079.5	1730.8	2133.8	2907.3	1912.0	5180.0
TDS	1096.0	1049.0	1320.8	1090.0	1020.0	1157.3	908.0	1990.0	1127.0	1385.0	1880.0	1243.0	3335.0
NO3	25.00	36.00	35.00	30.08	25.00	24.08	27.08	15.00	17.00	4.00	24.00	33.00	24.00
TH	408.00	313.00	600.00	310.00	390.00	360.00	324.75	715.00	495.00	240.00	435.00	410.00	987.75
Ca	173.00	27.20	215.00	94.00	62.00	64.00	27.20	162.00	77.00	32.00	89.00	94.00	75.00
Mg	80.00	86.50	96.00	17.00	59.00	49.00	86.50	78.00	76.00	39.00	54.00	45.00	194.00
Na	191.50	222.00	201.50	149.25	75.00	73.50	68.00	233.50	149.50	129.00	182.00	57.75	425.00
Cl	295.50	340.00	310.00	230.00	115.00	112.75	104.50	360.00	230.00	198.00	280.00	88.75	652.25
SO4	42.00	70.00	11.00	16.00	21.00	18.50	70.00	36.00	43.00	58.00	28.00	31.00	126.00
CO3	173.00	10.00	213.00	9.00	31.00	20.00	7.00	130.00	37.00	5.00	16.00	16.00	106.00
HCO3	385.25	331.75	530.00	270.00	330.00	322.50	347.25	430.00	390.00	190.00	385.25	385.25	605.50
F	0.36	0.96	0.58	0.42	0.67	0.49	0.70	0.72	1.07	1.02	1.18	1.29	0.72
TA	405.25	351.75	550.00	290.00	350.00	342.50	367.25	450.00	410.00	210.00	405.25	405.25	625.50
CCMEWQI	64.58	69.48	42.53	81.15	76.22	80.55	81.38	52.60	74.66	81.08	71.93	74.45	38.44
QUALITY	FAIR	FAIR	POOR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	POOR
TMWQI	29.97	71.07	51.85	34.84	53.39	37.65	45.73	51.43	69.65	70.24	81.02	85.24	53.26
QUALITY	GOOD	MED	MED	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	MED	MED	POOR	POOR	MED

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS14	MS15	MS16	MS17	MS18	MS19	MS20	MS21	MS22	MS23	MS24	MS25	MS26
pH	7.30	7.20	7.24	6.78	7.22	7.15	7.19	7.30	7.18	7.40	7.42	7.13	7.28
EC	2151.8	2747.5	3150.8	1959.0	1454.0	1972.3	1116.0	1688.3	1647.8	1163.3	929.0	1446.0	2060.8
TDS	1410.0	1777.8	2037.0	1273.0	950.0	1280.0	734.0	1101.3	1074.0	764.0	614.0	945.0	1343.0
NO3	15.00	56.03	50.73	41.00	23.25	42.00	15.08	19.00	17.00	8.00	19.43	21.25	15.00
TH	395.00	570.00	910.00	485.00	450.00	555.00	300.00	490.00	395.00	380.00	207.75	390.00	595.00
Ca	47.00	370.00	260.00	105.00	127.00	143.00	56.00	61.00	62.00	51.00	37.00	30.00	55.00
Mg	70.00	200.00	63.00	55.00	34.00	51.00	39.00	84.00	59.00	91.00	28.00	79.00	92.00
Na	149.50	442.00	290.50	290.50	100.75	247.00	78.00	146.00	113.75	97.50	65.00	75.00	201.50
Cl	230.00	681.00	447.25	448.00	155.00	380.00	119.75	225.00	175.00	150.00	100.00	115.00	310.00
SO4	14.00	168.00	54.00	46.00	27.00	55.00	12.00	19.00	50.00	72.00	12.00	12.00	57.00
CO3	8.00	501.00	96.00	4.00	30.00	49.75	11.00	24.00	10.00	31.00	8.00	7.00	6.00
HCO3	385.00	575.00	672.50	397.50	385.00	395.00	275.00	437.50	330.00	375.00	183.75	401.25	471.25
F	1.36	1.50	1.05	0.74	1.50	0.72	0.92	0.71	0.70	0.86	0.32	0.75	0.73
TA	405.00	595.00	692.50	417.50	405.00	415.00	295.00	457.50	350.00	395.00	203.75	421.25	491.25
CCMEWQI	73.78	20.55	36.57	67.72	71.72	56.67	82.22	80.02	80.84	76.75	89.69	80.92	63.24
QUALITY	FAIR	POOR	POOR	FAIR	FAIR	MAR	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR
TMWQI	84.59	106.47	76.19	50.81	92.44	51.62	48.05	52.52	47.40	62.65	27.09	47.28	51.11
QUALITY	POOR	UNS	POOR	MED	POOR	MED	GOOD	MED	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS27	MS28	MS29	MS30	MS31	MS32	MS33	MS34	MS35	MS36	MS37	MS38	Permissible values (Si)
pH	7.19	7.34	7.29	7.20	7.30	7.29	7.40	7.24	7.52	7.11	7.32	7.60	8.5
EC	1621.0	1204.0	1710.3	1274.3	1184.5	1825.8	1107.3	1420.5	1877.3	615.0	1730.3	1808.8	1000
TDS	1057.0	790.0	1114.0	835.0	777.0	1188.0	728.0	928.5	1221.0	413.0	1127.0	1177.0	600
NO3	14.00	10.10	35.20	15.00	20.00	31.20	36.00	2.00	12.60	10.05	22.15	20.00	50
TH	430.00	296.00	544.50	310.00	270.00	480.00	190.00	410.00	520.00	140.00	440.00	470.00	500
Ca	62.00	121.00	120.00	78.00	62.00	32.00	46.00	143.00	48.00	36.25	64.00	62.00	200
Mg	69.00	8.00	59.00	30.00	30.00	97.00	20.00	68.00	97.00	15.00	68.00	79.00	150
Na	74.75	164.00	114.50	75.00	75.00	73.50	113.50	138.50	75.00	57.00	73.50	75.00	200
Cl	115.00	252.25	176.00	115.00	115.00	112.75	175.00	213.75	114.50	87.75	113.00	115.00	250
SO4	17.00	29.00	36.00	19.00	15.00	33.15	17.00	3.00	19.10	3.00	19.05	15.00	250
CO3	21.00	8.00	60.00	29.00	26.00	32.00	5.00	146.00	59.00	24.00	28.00	43.00	30
HCO3	401.25	280.00	405.00	251.25	218.75	405.00	167.50	365.00	415.00	101.25	387.50	405.00	500
F	0.51	0.38	0.39	0.64	0.65	0.91	0.40	0.37	0.69	0.09	0.56	0.78	1.2
TA	421.25	300.00	425.00	271.25	238.75	425.00	187.50	385.00	435.00	121.25	407.50	425.00	200
CCMEWQI	80.45	77.05	68.36	82.07	82.30	74.55	88.26	71.23	68.05	100.00	80.24	74.17
QUALITY	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	EXC	GOOD	FAIR
TMWQI	37.62	30.35	33.81	45.42	48.19	64.61	32.27	30.66	55.38	8.44	43.78	61.99
QUALITY	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	EXC	GOOD	MED

Table 6: Analysis of Groundwater samples: Physical and Chemical parameters and calculated values of WQI in monsoon

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS1	MS2	MS3	MS4	MS5	MS6	MS7	MS8	MS9	MS10	MS11	MS12	MS13
pH	7.26	7.63	7.69	7.54	7.62	7.30	7.27	7.24	7.28	7.80	7.55	7.40	7.23
EC	1707.8	1623.0	2048.8	1689.0	1579.8	1790.3	1400.5	3087.8	1744.8	2141.3	2915.0	1929.8	5187.0
TDS	1112.5	1058.0	1330.8	1100.8	1030.5	1165.3	916.0	1995.5	1136.0	1390.0	1885.0	1254.5	3340.0
NO3	26.00	37.00	36.05	31.00	27.00	25.00	28.00	16.00	18.00	6.00	25.00	35.00	25.00
TH	415.00	315.00	604.50	315.00	395.00	365.00	330.00	720.00	500.00	245.00	440.00	415.00	990.00
Ca	174.00	28.00	216.00	95.00	63.00	65.00	28.00	163.00	78.00	34.00	90.00	95.00	76.00
Mg	78.00	84.00	94.00	15.00	57.00	47.00	84.00	76.00	74.00	36.00	52.00	43.00	192.00
Na	188.00	217.50	197.75	146.00	71.50	71.50	65.00	229.50	145.50	126.25	180.25	52.00	421.75
Cl	290.00	335.00	304.50	225.00	110.00	110.00	100.00	354.00	224.00	194.75	277.75	80.00	645.00
SO4	43.00	71.00	12.00	17.00	22.00	20.00	71.00	37.00	44.00	59.00	29.00	33.00	127.00
CO3	174.00	11.00	214.00	11.00	32.00	21.00	8.00	131.00	38.00	6.00	18.00	17.00	107.00
HCO3	390.00	340.00	537.75	275.00	335.00	325.00	350.00	435.50	396.00	195.00	390.00	390.00	612.50
F	0.29	0.86	0.48	0.30	0.60	0.38	0.60	0.64	0.98	0.92	1.10	1.19	0.64
TA	410.00	360.00	557.75	295.00	355.00	345.00	370.00	455.50	416.00	215.00	410.00	410.00	632.50
CCMEWQI	64.49	69.46	47.02	81.08	75.45	80.50	81.33	52.57	71.10	80.39	71.89	76.34	38.42
QUALITY	FAIR	FAIR	MAR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	POOR
TMWQI	27.22	65.86	46.21	27.37	50.08	31.49	43.65	50.11	68.45	66.81	79.90	81.44	50.92
QUALITY	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	MED	MED	POOR	POOR	MED

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS14	MS15	MS16	MS17	MS18	MS19	MS20	MS21	MS22	MS23	MS24	MS25	MS26
pH	7.40	7.29	7.29	6.93	7.32	7.26	7.35	7.44	7.25	7.57	7.50	7.43	7.38
EC	2185.8	2758.0	3162.5	1969.8	1462.0	1980.3	1132.0	1704.0	1665.5	1176.8	938.3	1461.8	2082.3
TDS	1417.8	1784.5	2044.0	1280.0	955.0	1287.0	744.0	1111.3	1085.5	772.8	620.0	955.0	1352.0
NO3	16.00	57.00	51.00	42.95	24.73	44.00	16.00	20.30	18.00	9.23	20.50	23.00	16.40
TH	400.00	575.00	915.00	488.25	452.25	560.00	305.00	495.50	396.50	384.50	210.00	395.00	600.00
Ca	48.00	371.00	261.00	107.00	128.00	144.00	57.00	62.00	63.00	52.00	38.00	31.00	56.00
Mg	68.00	198.00	61.00	53.00	32.00	49.00	37.00	82.00	57.00	89.00	26.00	77.00	90.00
Na	147.75	437.50	288.50	287.50	97.25	244.00	74.75	142.75	107.25	93.75	58.50	71.75	195.00
Cl	227.25	675.00	445.00	442.25	150.00	375.50	115.00	220.00	165.00	144.50	90.00	110.00	300.00
SO4	15.00	169.00	55.00	47.00	28.00	56.00	13.00	20.00	51.00	73.00	13.00	13.00	58.00
CO3	10.00	502.00	97.00	5.00	31.00	51.25	13.00	25.00	11.00	32.00	10.00	9.00	8.00
HCO3	393.75	580.00	682.50	404.75	392.50	400.00	280.00	443.25	335.00	382.25	193.75	410.25	482.25
F	1.27	1.40	0.95	0.66	1.40	0.59	0.82	0.62	0.63	0.76	0.26	0.61	0.61
TA	413.75	600.00	702.50	424.75	412.50	420.00	300.00	466.50	355.00	402.25	213.75	430.25	502.25
CCMEWQI	73.76	20.55	36.51	67.70	70.41	56.61	82.18	79.91	80.76	75.98	89.03	80.82	67.89
QUALITY	FAIR	POOR	POOR	FAIR	FAIR	MAR	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR
TMWQI	83.45	105.11	71.87	41.28	91.53	46.72	46.04	49.30	45.39	59.22	23.59	46.49	46.40
QUALITY	POOR	UNS	MED	GOOD	POOR	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	MED	EXC	GOOD	GOOD

Sample ID→ Parameters↓	MS27	MS28	MS29	MS30	MS31	MS32	MS33	MS34	MS35	MS36	MS37	MS38	Permissible values (Si)
pH	7.39	7.43	7.36	7.28	7.38	7.39	7.57	7.32	7.61	7.26	7.38	7.70	8.5
EC	1636.3	1219.8	1725.8	1280.5	1197.5	1838.3	1121.3	1434.0	1893.0	628.3	1742.3	1824.3	1000
TDS	1067.0	800.0	1124.0	839.0	785.5	1196.0	737.0	937.0	1231.0	421.5	1134.8	1187.0	600
NO3	16.00	12.00	36.00	16.00	22.00	32.00	37.00	2.95	13.50	12.00	24.00	22.00	50
TH	435.00	300.00	550.00	315.00	275.00	485.00	195.00	416.00	525.00	145.00	445.00	475.00	500
Ca	63.00	122.00	121.00	79.00	63.00	33.00	47.00	144.00	49.00	38.00	65.00	63.00	200
Mg	67.00	6.00	57.00	28.00	28.00	95.00	18.00	66.00	95.00	13.00	66.00	77.00	150
Na	71.50	159.25	110.25	71.50	71.50	71.50	107.00	134.75	71.75	52.00	68.50	71.50	200
Cl	110.00	245.00	170.00	110.00	110.00	110.00	165.00	207.75	110.00	80.00	105.00	110.00	250
SO4	18.00	30.00	37.00	20.00	16.00	34.00	18.00	6.00	21.00	5.00	20.00	16.00	250
CO3	22.00	10.00	61.00	30.00	27.00	33.00	7.00	147.00	61.00	25.00	29.00	44.00	30
HCO3	412.50	287.50	410.25	258.75	222.50	410.25	170.00	372.25	420.00	108.75	390.00	410.00	500
F	0.41	0.30	0.32	0.56	0.55	0.80	0.32	0.29	0.60	0.02	0.46	0.66	1.2
TA	432.50	307.50	430.25	278.75	242.50	430.25	190.00	392.25	440.00	128.75	410.00	430.00	200
CCMEWQI	80.34	82.01	68.26	78.35	82.28	74.45	88.25	71.12	67.91	100.00	80.19	74.06
QUALITY	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	EXC	GOOD	FAIR
TMWQI	34.35	26.04	29.59	42.54	43.31	60.27	28.36	26.29	50.55	2.81	38.18	55.32
QUALITY	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	MED	GOOD	GOOD	MED	EXC	GOOD	MED

Table 7: Correlation Matrix of physical and chemical parameters and water quality indices during post monsoon (n=38)

	pH	EC	TDS	NO3	TH	Ca	Mg	Na	Cl	SO4	CO3	HCO3	F	TA	CCME - WQI	TM - WQI
pH	1
EC	-0.140	1
TDS	-0.141	1.000	1
NO3	-0.181	0.299	0.299	1
TH	-0.261	0.845	0.845	0.363	1
Ca	-0.254	0.371	0.371	0.568	0.498	1
Mg	-0.115	0.660	0.660	0.285	0.652	0.369	1
Na	-0.296	0.751	0.751	0.520	0.672	0.663	0.637	1
Cl	-0.295	0.749	0.749	0.521	0.671	0.665	0.637	1	1
SO4	-0.214	0.576	0.576	0.431	0.461	0.449	0.750	0.757	0.757	1
CO3	-0.140	0.360	0.361	0.423	0.394	0.853	0.653	0.626	0.626	0.578	1
HCO3	-0.212	0.725	0.725	0.456	0.916	0.579	0.736	0.641	0.641	0.498	0.504	1
F	0.019	0.364	0.364	0.270	0.286	0.265	0.348	0.299	0.300	0.426	0.229	0.420	1
TA	-0.229	0.737	0.737	0.479	0.917	0.586	0.720	0.647	0.647	0.474	0.506	0.993	0.412	1
CCME - WQI	0.255	-0.393	-0.393	-0.321	-0.438	-0.562	-0.410	-0.570	-0.570	-0.416	-0.589	-0.378	-0.060	-0.384	1
TM - WQI	0.112	0.428	0.428	0.317	0.357	0.333	0.436	0.350	0.351	0.479	0.320	0.497	0.980	0.486	-0.103	1

Correlation Matrix of physical and chemical parameters and water quality indices during pre monsoon (n=38)

	pH	EC	TDS	NO3	TH	Ca	Mg	Na	Cl	SO4	CO3	HCO3	F	TA	CCME - WQI	TM - WQI
pH	1
EC	-0.093	1
TDS	-0.093	1.000	1
NO3	-0.162	0.297	0.296	1
TH	-0.223	0.845	0.845	0.363	1
Ca	-0.199	0.370	0.369	0.568	0.498	1
Mg	-0.094	0.659	0.659	0.285	0.651	0.369	1
Na	-0.269	0.750	0.750	0.520	0.673	0.661	0.637	1
Cl	-0.271	0.749	0.749	0.521	0.672	0.663	0.636	1	1
SO4	-0.144	0.579	0.578	0.435	0.463	0.446	0.748	0.758	0.757	1
CO3	-0.098	0.360	0.359	0.422	0.393	0.853	0.653	0.625	0.626	0.574	1
HCO3	-0.178	0.722	0.722	0.456	0.914	0.583	0.737	0.638	0.638	0.499	0.509	1
F	0.060	0.355	0.356	0.276	0.278	0.254	0.340	0.288	0.287	0.420	0.215	0.420	1
TA	-0.178	0.722	0.722	0.456	0.914	0.583	0.737	0.638	0.638	0.499	0.509	1.000	0.420	1
CCME - WQI	0.252	-0.399	-0.398	-0.317	-0.439	-0.561	-0.415	-0.575	-0.575	-0.415	-0.589	-0.378	-0.044	-0.378	1
TM - WQI	0.169	0.419	0.420	0.352	0.349	0.336	0.421	0.356	0.355	0.475	0.310	0.499	0.975	0.499	-0.097	1

CONCLUSIONS:

1. Based on CCME-WQI analysis, the results indicated that the water samples at 6 sampling stations (CS3, CS8, CS13, CS15, CS16 and CS19) out of 38 (about 15.79%) of the study area do not meet the required standards for drinking purpose as they were ranked as poor and marginal.

2. Based on TM-WQI analysis, the results indicated that the water samples collected from 6 sampling stations (CS11, CS12, CS14, CS15, CS16 and CS18) (about 15.79% ) of the study area do not meet the required standards for drinking purpose as their status was classified under unsuitable and poor category .

3. Based on correlation analysis, it may be concluded that total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity are important water quality parameters as they are significantly correlated with most of the remaining parameters.

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Received on 05.08.2021 Modified on 23.11.2021

Research J. Science and Tech. 2022; 14(1):1-9.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2022.00001